Magani na Kuɗin Lantarki na Offline Ta Amfani da Fasahar Blockchain na Gida

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Aikin Offline na Kuɗin Lantarki na Babban Banki (CBDCs) yana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubale a cikin ƙirar kuɗin lantarki. Yayin da yawancin ma'amaloli na zamani ke faruwa akan layi, kuɗin tsabar jiki ya kasance mahimmanci a yanayin da ba a samun hanyar sadarwa ta ɓangare na uku ba. Don haka dole ne CBDC ya kwafi ikon offline na kuɗi yayin magance manyan ƙalubale da suka haɗa da cinye sau biyu, rashin musun, rashin iya ƙirƙira, da hare-haren maimaitawa.

Wannan bincike yana ba da shawarar sabon magani ta amfani da tsabar kuɗi masu lamba da aka adana akan blockchain na gida waɗanda aka tsara da maɓallan da aka saka a cikin kayan aikin tsaro. Tsarin yana goyan bayan nau'ikan tsabar kuɗi guda biyu: tsabar kuɗi masu zafi (za a iya dawo da su idan sun ɓace) da tsabar kuɗi masu sanyi (ba za a iya dawo da su ba, kama da kuɗin tsabar jiki).

2. Tsarin Fasaha

2.1 Tsarin Gine-ginen Blockchain na Gida

Blockchain na gida yana aiki akan na'urorin mai amfani (misali, wayoyin hannu) kuma yana kula da lissafin ma'amala na tsabar kuɗi. Kowane na'ura yana ɗauke da maɓallan ɓoyayyen rubutu da aka saka a cikin abubuwan tsaro na kayan aiki, yana ba da tsaro mai jure wa ɓarna. Blockchain yana ci gaba da haƙo sabbin tubalan don haɓaka tsaro ta hanyar hanyoyin tabbatar da aiki.

2.2 Tsarin Sanya Lamba akan Tsabar Kuɗi

Ana ƙera tsabar kuɗi tare da lambobi na musamman waɗanda ke ba da damar bin diddigin da tabbatarwa. Lokacin da biyan kuɗi na ɗan guntu ya faru, tsarin sanya lamba yana samar da lambobi masu tushe yayin kiyaye amincin tsabar kuɗi na asali. Wannan hanyar tana tabbatar da cewa kowane raka'a na tsabar kuɗi ya kasance na musamman a duk tsawon rayuwarsa.

2.3 Ka'idojin Tsaro

Tsarin yana amfani da yadudduka na tsaro da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da sa hannun ɓoyayyen rubutu, adana maɓalli na tushen kayan aiki, da hanyoyin yarjejeniya da aka rarraba. Kowane ma'amala yana buƙatar hujjar ɓoyayyen rubutu wanda hanyar sadarwar blockchain na gida ta tabbatar, yana hana ciyar da izini da kuma tabbatar da amincin ma'amala.

3. Cikakkun Bayanai game da Aiwa

3.1 Tsarin Tsabar Kuɗi Mai Zafi (Hot) da Sanyi (Cold)

Tsarin tsabar kuɗi biyu yana ba da sassauci don nau'ikan amfani daban-daban:

• Tsabar Kuɗi Masu Zafi (Hot Coins): Kuɗin lantarki mai dawo da shi wanda ke da goyon bayan garantin hukumomi na tsakiya. Ya dace da ma'amaloli na yau da kullun tare da kariya daga sata.
• Tsabar Kuɗi Masu Sanyi (Cold Coins): Kayan masu ɗauka ba tare da hanyar dawo da su ba, suna kwaikwayon halayen kuɗin tsabar jiki. Ya dace da ma'amaloli masu mai da hankali kan sirri.

3.2 Tsarin Lissafi

Samfurin tsaro ya dogara ne akan mahimman abubuwan ɓoyayyen rubutu da algorithms na yarjejeniya. Hanyar hana cinye sau biyu tana amfani da alkawurran ɓoyayyen rubutu da hujjojin rashin sani:

Bari $C_i$ ya wakilci tsabar kuɗi mai lamba $S_i$, kuma bari $T_{ij}$ ya wakilci ma'amala daga mai amfani $i$ zuwa mai amfani $j$. Aikin tabbatarwa $V(T_{ij})$ dole ne ya gamsar da:

$$V(T_{ij}) = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{idan } \text{VerifySignature}(T_{ij}, K_i) \land \neg\text{IsDoubleSpent}(C_i) \\ 0 & \text{in ba haka ba} \end{cases}$$

Inda $K_i$ ke wakiltar maɓallin sirri na mai amfani, kuma binciken cinye sau biyu yana tabbatar da cewa kowane tsabar kuɗi ana cinye shi sau ɗaya kawai a cikin yarjejeniyar blockchain na gida.

3.3 Sakamakon Gwaji

An gudanar da gwaji tare da yanayin offline na kwaikwayo ya nuna:

• Yawan nasarar ma'amala: 99.2% a cikin yanayin offline cikakke
• Hana cinye sau biyu: 100% tasiri a cikin gwaje-gwaje da aka sarrafa
• Lokacin sarrafa ma'amala: <2 seconds don canja wurin tsakanin mutane
• Tasirin baturi: <5% ƙarin ɓarna yayin ci gaba da haƙo ma'adinai

Misalin Aiwar Lamba

class OfflineCBDC:
    def __init__(self, device_id, private_key):
        self.device_id = device_id
        self.private_key = private_key
        self.local_blockchain = LocalBlockchain()
        self.coin_serializer = CoinSerializer()
    
    def mint_coin(self, amount, coin_type):
        serial = self.coin_serializer.generate_serial()
        coin_data = {
            'serial': serial,
            'amount': amount,
            'type': coin_type,
            'timestamp': time.time()
        }
        signature = self.sign_data(coin_data)
        return {'coin': coin_data, 'signature': signature}
    
    def verify_transaction(self, transaction):
        # Verify signature and check for double-spending
        if not self.verify_signature(transaction):
            return False
        if self.local_blockchain.check_double_spend(transaction['coin']):
            return False
        return True
    
    def process_payment(self, recipient_public_key, amount):
        transaction = self.create_transaction(recipient_public_key, amount)
        if self.verify_transaction(transaction):
            self.local_blockchain.add_transaction(transaction)
            return True
        return False

4. Bincike & Tattaunawa

Shawarar maganin CBDC na offline tana wakiltar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a fasahar kuɗin lantarki, tana magance ɗaya daga cikin mafi dadewar ƙalubale a aiwar kuɗin lantarki na babban banki. Ta hanyar amfani da fasahar blockchain na gida tare da maɓallan tsaro na kayan aiki, wannan hanyar tana ba da ingantaccen tsari don ma'amaloli na offline yayin kiyaye garantin tsaro kwatankwacin tsarin kan layi.

Wannan bincike ya ginu akan aikin tushe a fasahar blockchain, musamman takardar farar fata ta Bitcoin ta Satoshi Nakamoto (2008), wanda ya fara nuna yuwuwar yarjejeniya da aka rarraba don kuɗin lantarki. Duk da haka, ba kamar yarjejeniyar aiki-tabbacin Bitcoin mai ƙarfin kuzari ba, hanyar blockchain na gida tana inganta don ƙuntatawar na'urar wayar hannu yayin kiyaye tsaro. Tsarin tsabar kuɗi biyu (tsabar kuɗi masu zafi/sanyi) ya sami wahayi daga dabarun ɓoyayyen rubutu na zamani kama da waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin hujjojin rashin sani, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin binciken zk-SNARKs na Ben-Sasson et al. (2014).

Idan aka kwatanta da magungunan biyan kuɗi na offline na yanzu kamar aikin e-peso na Uruguay (Sarmiento, 2022), wannan hanyar tana ba da ingantaccen tsaro ta hanyar ci gaba da haƙo ma'adinai na gida da kariyar maɓalli na tushen kayan aiki. Tsarin lissafi yana tabbatar da ingancin ɓoyayyen rubutu yayin kiyaye aiki mai amfani akan na'urorin mabukaci. Maganin yana magance ƙalubalen karɓuwa na duniya da aka lura a cikin gazawar e-cash na farko (Bátiz-Lazo da Moretta, 2016) ta hanyar ba da fa'idodi na zahiri fiye da aikin biyan kuɗi kawai, mai yuwuwar haɗawa da tsarin ainihi da sauran ayyuka.

Daga mahangar fasaha, gine-ginen blockchain na gida yana wakiltar sabon aikace-aikace na ka'idojin tsarin da aka rarraba zuwa ƙuntataccen yanayi na na'urorin hannu. Tsarin ci gaba da haƙo ma'adinai, yayin da yake da sauƙi, yana ba da haɓaka tsaro na ci gaba wanda ya dace da samfuran barazana masu tasowa. Wannan hanyar ta yi daidai da bincike na kwanan nan daga Bankin don Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya (BIS) kan haɗin abu mai tsaro a cikin ƙirar CBDC, yana nuna yuwuwar aiwatar da tsaro na tushen kayan aiki a aikace-aikacen kuɗi.

Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna tasirin tsarin a yanayin ainihin duniya, tare da nasara ta musamman a hana cinye sau biyu - wani muhimmin buƙatu ga kowane tsarin kuɗin lantarki na offline. Ƙaramin tasirin baturi yana magance wani muhimmin al'amari don turawa ta wayar hannu, yana sa maganin ya zama mai amfani don amfani na yau da kullun. Aikin gaba zai iya bincika haɗin kai tare da fasahohi masu tasowa kamar ƙididdiga masu tsaro na ɓangarori da yawa don haɓaka sirri yayin kiyaye ikon offline.

5. Ayyuka na Gaba

Hanyar blockchain na gida don CBDC na offline tana da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da yawa da hanyoyin ci gaba:

• Jure wa Bala'i: Turawa a wuraren da ba su da ingantaccen haɗin kan layi ko lokacin bala'o'in yanayi
• Biye-biyen Ketare iyaka: Sauƙaƙe ma'amaloli na ƙasa da ƙasa na offline tare da canjin kuɗi
• Haɗin IoT: Ba da damar biyan kuɗi na inji zuwa inji a cikin yanayin offline
• Haɓaka Sirri: Haɗin kai tare da hujjojin rashin sani don sirrin ma'amala
• Ƙarfin Kwangila mai wayo: Iyakance aiwar kwangila mai wayo na offline don biyan kuɗi na sharadi

Hanyoyin bincike na gaba sun haɗa da haɗin ɓoyayyen rubutu mai jure wa ƙididdiga, ingantattun ka'idojin sirri, da ƙa'idodin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tsarin CBDC daban-daban.

6. Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer
2. Buterin, V. (2019). Ethereum: Dandamali na Kwangila mai wayo na Gaba da Raba Aikace-aikace
3. Chu, J., et al. (2022) Biyan Kuɗi na Lantarki na Offline: Ƙalubale da Magunguna
4. Garrat, R., da Shin, H. S. (2023). Kuɗi da Biyan Kuɗi na Tushen Alama
5. Bátiz-Lazo, B., da Moretta, A. (2016). Gazawar Tsarin E-cash na Farko
6. Sarmiento, N. (2022). E-peso na Uruguay: Darussai daga Gwajin CBDC
7. Ben-Sasson, E., et al. (2014). Zerocash: Biyan Kuɗi na Anonymous da aka Rarraba daga Bitcoin
8. Bankin don Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya (2023). La'akari da Fasahar CBDC